Work Health and Safety

Welcome to Work Health and Safety

2007-07-24T22:49:00.000-07:00

You will find this blog particularly valuable if you are starting up in
business, managing a small firm, preparing a company safety policy and procedure, have been selected as a trade union safety representative, a student or belong to any walk of life, but whatever line of work you are in, it will help you to make your environment and business safer.

Also check out the following...

Health and Safety Signs

Health and Safety Signs

2007-06-30T03:08:00.001-07:00

The use of the correct safety signs in the work place can, re-inforce safety instruction and rules, can give information on risks and precautions to be taken, therefore suitable warning signs must be posted to indicate the nature of the risk and precautions to be taken. Any signs provided must be kept maintained and in place.

Here are some great Health and Safety Signs listed below.

Just browse through your choice of health and safety signs.

Fire Fighting Signs

Fire Fighting Signs

2007-06-30T02:39:00.000-07:00

Go Back to Health and Safety Signs

Just click the image to enlarge to its original size and then "Right Click" and click "Save Picture As" option from the popup, and after saving you can take a print.

Fire Alarm

Fire Hose Real

Fire Alarm with Text

Fire Hose Real with Text

Open Valve Before Running Out Hose

Fire Point

Fire Marshal

Arrow

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Selection and Training

2007-06-29T23:58:00.000-07:00

People are in danger to themselves or others if they cannot do their jobs correctly. This can be because they are in jobs for which they are unsuited and/or are not competent.

Selection

1. identify jobs which place particular physical or mental demands on people- can these be changes to cut out or reduce the demands?
2. where you cannot do this you need to select people to meet the demands.
3. identify essential health requirements of a job and use them during recruitment, e.g. do not employ someone with epilepsy to climb ladders, although they may be able to do other work.
4. for some jobs, e.g. driving heavy goods vehicles, the law requires medical examination, but pre-employment medical checks are not legally required for most jobs.
5. people returning after illness may need help readjusting to their jobs – seek specialist medical advice it necessary.

Training

You must ensure all employees have health and safety training. This has to be repeated periodically or when changes are made.

Also think about:
1. the needs of managers and supervisors.
2. any legal requirements for specific job training, e.g. lift trucks, first aid.
3. the special needs of young people, new recruits, trainees and part-time employees
4. existing workers and those moving jobs
5. training needs identified during investigations
6. can you give training yourself or do you need some outside help?

Personal Protective Equipments

2007-06-29T23:57:00.000-07:00

Even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some hazards might remain. These include injuries to lungs, e.g. from breathing in contaminated air; the head and feet, e.g. from falling materials; the eyes, e.g. from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids; the skin, e.g. from contact with corrosive materials ; the body, e.g. from extremes of heat or cold. Personal protective equipment is needed in these cases to reduce the risk.

Selection of Use

You must consider:
1. who is exposed and to what?
2. for how long?
3. to how much?

You must also:
1. choose good quality products made to a recognized standard – suppliers can advice.
2. choose equipment which suits the wearer- consider size, fit and weight. If you let the users help choose it , they will then be more likely to use it.
3. make sure it fits properly- note in particular the problem creating a good seal if a respirator user has a beard.
4. make sure if more than one item is being worn they can be used together, e.g. a respirator may not give proper protection if air leaks in around the seal because the user is wearing safety glasses.
5. instruct and train people in its use. Tell them why it is needed, when to use it and what its limitations are.

Remember personal protective equipment is a last resort but must be worn when needed.

Maintenance

Equipment must be properly looked after and stored when not in use, e.g. in a dry clean cupboard. It must be cleaned and kept in good repair.

Think about:
1. using the right replacement parts which match the original, e.g. respirator filters.
2. keeping replacement personal protective equipments available.
3. who is responsible for maintenance and how it is to be done.
4. having a supply of disposable suits which are useful in dirty jobs where laundry costs are high, e.g. visitors who need protective clothing.

Employees must make proper use of personal protective equipments and report its loss or destruction or any fault in it.

Health Care

2007-06-29T23:56:00.000-07:00

There are number of well established techniques for looking after the health of employees. These includes taking action to prevent ill-health, providing means to prevent employees coming into contact with hazardous substances and ensuring that if they are hurt in any way their injuries are properly treated.

Check for ILL Health

To help prevent work-related diseases:
1. check whether there are any known health risks from the work you do.
2. listen to complaints about ill health – particularly if there are a number of them, or lot of sickness absence in the same area, or as a result of the same activity.
3. encourage people to tell their doctor about the work they do if they think their work might be affecting them.
4. if in doubt get further advice.

Mental Health and Stress

Many people suffer from some form of mental health problem at some time and it is a significant reason fro absence from the work. Most problems do not lasr and most people do not have to give up work.

1. work can have a beneficial effect on mental health, but can also cause worries.
2. too little personal control over the work not being allowed to use all your skills fully, being overworked or under worked, and boring work can all contribute to stress.
3. learn to recognize signs of stress and encourage employees to discuss problems openly – are people distracted, tense or worried.
4. give help. This may be simple sympathetic reassurance or practical advice, or in some cases counseling or psychiatric treatment. Don’t delay – this can make matters much worse.

Drugs and Alcohol

Abuse of alcohol, drugs and other substances can effect work performance and safety.
1. learn to recognize the signs and encourage workers to seek help.
2. be supportive
3. if you decide strict standards are needed because of safety- critical jobs, then agree procedures with workers in advance. Disciplinary action may be needed where safety is critical.

Passive Smoking

Think about:
1. encouraging and helping smokers to give up
2. agreeing some rules with the workforce to protect non-smokers
3. if possible providing a smoke free workplace – at least consider separate “break” areas. Any rest room or rest areas you provide must be arranged to avoid discomfort to non-smokers.

Accidents and Emergencies

2007-06-29T23:55:00.000-07:00

In any business, things can go wrong. You need to be ready to deal with these unplanned events. Look at incidents which have caused injuries and ill health or other damage. Think about emergencies – plan for the worst that can happen. You must have the right first-aid arrangements. Some events need to be reported.

Emergency Procedures

When things go wrong, people may be exposed to serious and immediate danger. Special procedures are necessary for emergencies such as serious injuries, explosion, flood, poisoning, electrocution, fire, release of radioactivity and chemical spillage.

Think about:
1. the worst that an happen if things go wrong?
2. how the person in charge and others will deal with the problems? You should look at any particular responsibilities and training need.
3. if everyone is adequately prepared – could emergency service get to the site?

Points to include in emergency procedures:
1. consider what might happen and how the alarm will be raised. Don’t forget night and shift working, week-ends and possibly times when the premises are closed, e.g. holidays.
2. plan what to do, including how to call the emergency services. Assist the emergency services by clearly marking you premises from the road. Consider drawing up a simple plan marked with the location of hazardous items.
3. if you have at least 25 tons of dangerous substances you must notify the fire authority and put up warning signs.
4. decide where to go to reach a place of safety or to get rescue equipment. Procide emergency lighting if necessary.
5. you must make sure there are enough emergency exits for everyone to escape quickly, and keep emergency doors and escape routes unobstructed and clearly marked.
6. nominate competent person to take control.
7. decide who are the key people such as first aiders.
8. plan essential actions such as emergeny plant shut-down or making processes safe. Clearly label important items like shut-off valves and electrical isolators etc.
9. you must train everyone in emergency procedures. Don’t forget the needs of people with disabilities.

First Aid

You must:
1. someone who can take charge in an emergency. An appointed person must be available whenever people are at work.
2. a first aid box
3. notice telling people where the first aid box is and who the appointed person is.
4. a trained first aider and a first aid room if your work gives rise to special hazards.

As you company grows , look again at your need for qualified first aiders. They must have the right training and are given a certificate valid for three years – after that a refresher course and re-examination is necessary.

Investigating Events

When an accident happens:
1. take any action required to deal with the immediate risks e.g. first aid, put out the fire isolate any danger, fence off the area.
2. assess the amount and kind of investigation needed – if you have to disturb the site, take photographs and measurements first
3. investigate – find out what happened and why
4. take steps to stop something similar happening again
5. also look at near misses and property damage. Often it is only by chance that someone wasn’t injured.

Check List

To help with your investigation, find out:
1. details of injured personnel
2. details of injury, damage or loss
3. what was the worst that could happened? Could it happen again?
4. what happened ? Where it happened? When it happened? And what was the direct cause?
5. were there standards in place for the premises, plant , substances, procedures involved?
6. were those things adequate? Where they followed?
7. were the prople up to the job ? were they competent, trained and instructed?
8. what was the underlying cause ? was there more than one?
9. what was meant to happen and what were the plans? How were the people organized?
10. if inspection would have picked up the problem earlier?
11. if it had happened before? If so, why weren’t the lesson learnt?

Most accidents have more than one cause so don’t be too quick to blame individuals – try to deal with the root causes.

Safe Systems

2007-06-29T23:54:00.000-07:00

A safe system of work is a considered method of working that takes proper account of the potential hazards to employees, and others such as visitors and contractors, and provides a formal framework to ensure that all steps necessary for safe working have been anticipated and implemented.

Clear Procedures

When looking at your systems, don’t forget:
1. routine work ( including setting up and preparation , finishing off and cleaning activities)
2. less routine work e.g. maintenance
3. emergencies, e.g. fire, spillages or plant breakdown.

Think of all the different things you do. Ask those who do the job to tell you what they actually do and how they do it. Get them to help identify the hazards and risk.

Safe Procedures

Think about:
1. who is in charge of the job?
2. do the responsibilities overlap with anyone else’s ?
3. is there anything which is not someone’s responsibility?
4. has anyone checked that the equipment, tools or machines are right for the job?
5. are safe ways of doing the job already in place?
6. could this job interfere with the health and safety of others?
7. are the safety procedures laid down for the job. Is there any guidance which may help you?
8. have people been trained and instructed in the use and limitations of equipment?
9. if the job cannot be finished today can it be left in a safe state?
10. are clear instructions available for the next shift?
11. are the production people aware of what maintenance staff are doing and vice versa?
12. what might go wrong ,e.g. accident, explosion, food poisoning, electrocution, fire, release of radioactivity, chemical spill?

Permits to Work

Simple instructions or lock-off procedures are adequate for most jobs, but some require extra care. A “permit to work” states exactly what work is to be done and when, and which parts are safe. A responsible person should assess the work and check safety at each stage. The people doing the job sign the permit to show that they understand the risk and precautions necessary.

Procedures may need to be include:
1. entry into vessels, confined spaces or machines
2. hot work which may cause explosion or fire
3. construction work or the use of contractors
4. cutting into pipework carrying hazardous substances
5. mechanical or electrical work requiring isolation of the power sources, e.g. before work inside large machines, if locking off is not good enough.
6. work on plant, mixers, boilers etc which must be effectively cut off from the possible entry of fumes, gas, liquids or steam
7. testing for dangerous fumes or lack of oxygen before entering an unventilated pit or silo.
8. vacuuming the inside of any empty grain silo to remove dust which might explode, before hot cutting a hole in the side.

Lock-Off Procedures

Before working on plant or equipment, isolate machines from the main power supply by locking off the power. Usually this is done by using a separate electrical switch.

1. use a safety lock with one key
2. where several people are working, use a multiple hasp so that everyone can fit their own lock.
3. only when all the locks have been removed can the equipment be switched on
4. put a warning notice or label on the switch, and make sure it is removed when the work has finished.

Flammable and Explosive Substances

2007-06-29T23:51:00.000-07:00

Some gases, liquids and solids can cause explosions or fire. For a fire to start, fuel, air and a source of ignition are needed.
Common materials may burn violently at high temperature in oxygen rich conditions, e.g. when a gas cylinder is leaking.
Some dust from a cloud which will explode hen ignited. A small explosion can disturb dust and create a second explosion severe enough to destroy building. Serious explosions can occur in plant such as ovens, stoves and boilers.
Some materials are explosives and need special precautions and licensing arrangements.
Some flammable liquids and substances are also corrosive or toxic and may pose risk to health.

Before You Start

The supplier’s safety data sheet will help you decide how to handle these substances.

Think about:
1. doing the job another way
2. using liquids with higher flash points. Look at the data sheets – remember a high flash point is safer than the low one.
3. reducing the amounts you keep on site.
4. checking with the supplier about any special precautions which may be needed when certain materials are delivered in bulk.
5. checking containers labels and consignment notes to make sure that goods are supplied as ordered

Storage

Some chemicals react dangerously together. Such classes of material should be stored correctly, e.g. oxidizing substances should be kept apart from flammable ones.
Use the information from the supplier and the package label to decide storage arrangements. Materials can be separated by distance, by a physical barrier or (sometimes) by other non-reactive materials.

Good Storage will:
1. be separate from process areas ( where fire or leakage is more likely to occur)
2. be in a safe, well-ventilated place, isolated from buildings
3. prevent incompatible chemicals being mixed, e.g. by spillage, damage to packaging or by wetting during fire fighting.
4. reduce the risk of damage, e.g. by lift truck, and by ensuring that cylinders are secured and stored upright.
5. prevent rapid spread of fire or smoke, or liquid or molten substances, e.g. by the store being made of fire-resisting material
6. exclude sources of ignition, e.g. static electricity, unprotected electrical equipment, cigarettes and naked flames.
7. include empty drums or cylinders as well as full ones – the risk can be just as great.

Housekeeping

1. remove grease frequently from ducts, such as kitchen ventilators and cooker extractor hoods.
2. keep the workplace tidy and free from old containers etc. Plastic foam crumb and off-cuts are particular hazard
3. contaminated clothing or containers need careful disposal.
4. keep flammable waste secure from vandals.

Flammable liquids

The safest place to store any flammable liquids and substances is in a separate building or in a safe place in the open air. If highly flammable liquids have to be stored inside workrooms you should store as little as possible and they should be kept on their own in a special metal cupboard or bin. Larger stocks should be held in a fire resisting store with spillage retention and good ventilation.

If you run a factory you should :
1. minimize the amount kept at the workplace
2. dispense and use in a safe place with adequate natural or mechanical ventilation
3. keep containers closed e.g. use safety containers with self-closing lids and caps
4. contain spillage e.g. by dispensing over tray and having absorbent material handy.
5. control ignition sources e.g. naked flames and sparks, and make sure that “no smoking” rules are obeyed, specially when spraying highly flammable liquids.
6. keep contaminated material in a lidded metal bin which is emptied regularly.
7. get rid of waste safely , e.g. burn rubbish in a suitable containers will away from buldings. Have fire extinguishers on hand. Don’t burn aerosol cans and don’t “brighten” fires with flammable liquids.

Gas Cylinders

Storage and use:
1. store both fill and empty cylinders in a secure outside compound where possible.
2. store with valves uppermost, particularly where they contain liquid like acetylene.
3. don’t store them below ground level or near to drains or basements – most gases are heavier then air.
4. protect cylinders form damage e.g. by chaining unstable cylinder in racks or on special trolleys.
5. use the right hoses, clamps, couplers and regulators for the particular gas and appliances.
6. turn off cylinders valves at the end of each days work.
7. change cylinder away from sources of ignition, in a well-ventilated place.
8. avoid welding flame “flash-back” into the hoses or cylinders by training operators in correct lighting up and work procedures and by fitting non-return valves and flame arresters.
9. use soap or detergent/water solution, never a flame to test for leaks.
10. before welding and similar work , remove or protect flammable material
11. where possible, position gas cylinders on the outside of buildings and pipe through to appliances or processes.
12. make sure that rooms where appliances, e.g. LPG heaters are used have sufficient ventilation high up and low down which never blocked up to prevent draughts.

Dust Explosions

Do you have a dusty process? Is the dust fammable? examples include aluminum powder, flour, bone-meal, cotton fly, paper dust, polystyrene and fire sawdust.

If so you must:
1. keep plant dust-tight and frequently checked and cleaned.
2. avoid buildup of dust, e.g. reduce the number of ledges and horizontal surfaces on which dust may settle and use exhaust ventilation with suitable dust collectors as necessary.
3. control sources of heat such as welding space heaters and smoking.
4. reduce sparking by using dust-tight electrical equipment, by earthing sources of static electricity and by using magnets to catch any stray pieces of metal before they get into the process.
5. take explosion protection measures, by providing explosion vents or a plant structure strong enough to withstand and explosion.
6. make sure explosion vents discharge safely.

You can reduce the effects of an explosion by using lightweight construction for buildings which house dangerous plant.

Oxygen

Common materials may burn violently at high temperature in the presence of oxygen.
1. never use oxygen to “sweeten” the atmosphere
2. make sure there are no leaks, specially in confined areas, and don’t use oxygen to operate compressed air equipment.
3. keep oxygen cylinders free from grease and other combustible materials and don’t store them with flammable gases or materials.

Transporting Materials

If you transport and deliver materials off site, then you must:

1. ensure the packages are suitable and correctly labeled as required for carriage by road, rail, air or sea.
2. ensure that the vehicle is suitable for the purpose.
3. provide appropriate fire-fighting equipment
4. fit hazard panels/plates on delivery vehicles as required
5. check compatibility of loads
6. provide written information for the driver
7. train vehicles drivers on their duties, the hazard and risk involved and the necessary emergency procedures as required.

Emergencies

Consider what could go wrong:

1. could staff accidentally mix incompatible chemicals e.g. bleach with other cleaners.
2. are you prepared for a large leak or spillage?
3. what about hazardous by-products? Could mixing of waste chemicals in the drains cause a hazardous reaction or pollution?
4. are any special first-aid facilities or equipment required?
5. could emergency water supplies freeze up in winter?

Supplier

Supplier must:
1. provide safety data sheets and other information for users
2. arrange for any necessary testing and research so that substances can be used safely at work
3. choose packaging which provides protection for users and during conveyance and transport
4. provide labels which give adequate information about the risk and necessary precautions

Harmful Substances

2007-06-29T23:49:00.000-07:00

Of the vast range of chemicals and substances in use in industry commerce and other areas of employment, many are harmless. However, there are also a considerable number of substances in use which have a high potential to cause harm and ill health – “substances hazardous to health” usually referred to as hazardous substances.

What are the Risks

You must carry out an assessment.

Consider:
1. the hazards of substances or their ingredients, read the labels and safety data sheet. If in doubt contact your supplier.
2. the route into the body (breathed in, swallowed or taken in through the skin) and the worst result
3. the concentration or conditions likely to cause ill health
4. whether you know the first symptoms of over-exposure
5. who could be exposed. Don’t forget contractors and members of public
6. if they could be exposed accidentally, e.g. while cleaning, through spillage or if your controls fail.
7. how many people are involved
8. how often they work with the substance
9. how much they work with and how long for.

Isolate or Enclose

1. put harmful substances or process in a separate room or building or outside – but secure from the public
2. reduce the amount used and number of people exposed, and the time they are exposed for.
3. use closed transfer and handling system

Use Local Exhaust and Ventilation

Use local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems which sucks dust or vapours through a small hood or booth and takes it away from the worker.

A good system will:
1. Extract dust or vapours as close as possible to its source.
2. controls contamination of the work area below the exposure limit of the material
3. suck air away from the breathing zone of the operator – not through it
4. have an adequate air flow at the source of the pollutant – 1m/s at the face of a booth is good guide
5. have sufficient air fow inside ducts to prevent dust being deposited inside and blocking them
6. have duct work with gently angled bends and junctions and tapered diameter changes
7. make sure air is not vented back into the work area through roof lights or windows
8. special filters may be needed if the air is discharges outside or back into the room – ask you inspector for advice if in doubt.

Good Housekeeping

Simple precautions can cut exposure:
1. do not store chemical in open containers such as bottles or jam jars – make sure labels are not damaged, removed or covered up
2. keep dangerous chemicals locked away
3. clear up spillage quickly and safely
4. have smooth work surfaces to allow easy cleaning
5. clean regularly using a “dust free” method such as a vacuum system with a high efficiency filter.
6. kepp dusty materials, waste and dirty rages in covered containers
7. do not let paste or drips dry out.

Exposure Limits and Air Sampling

1. you must control the amount of duct or vapours in a worker’s breathing zone to an acceptable level
2. dangerous dust and vapours is not always visible. Very small particles which you may not be able to see can get deep into the lungs and may be absorbed into the body, causing scars or ill health years later.
3. sampling may also be necessary to show conditions are safe, e.g. before allowing workers to enter tanks or vessels.

Good welfare and personal Hygiene

Provide good washing and changing facilities.

Do not:
1. smoke, eat or drink in chemical handling areas
2. siphon or pipette hazardous chemicals by mouth – use a pump or hand-operated siphon
3. transfer contamination e.g. by putting pens and pencils in your mouth

Do:
1. remove protective clothing and wash hands before smoking, eating or drinking

You must only use personal protective clothing and equipment as a last resort if you cannot control exposure in the ways outlined in this section.

Maintaining the Controls

Decide what needs to be done to ensure that the controls stay in place.

This will include:
1. maintaining plant and equipment – all ventilation equipment must be examined and tested regularly by a competent person. Checks may include measuring the air speed or the pressures in the system, or air sampling in the work room. In general LEV must be examined and tested every 14 months.
2. checking that people follow rules
3. checking that personal protective equipment is not worn out.

Asbestos

Asbestos has been widely used, e.g. as lagging on the plant and pipe work, in insulation products such as fireproofing panels, in asbestos cement roofing materials, and as sprayed coating on structural steel work to insulate against fire and noise.
All types of asbestos can be dangerous if distributed. The danger arises when asbestos fibers as a very fine dust become airborne and is breathed in. exposure can cause diseases such as lung cancer.
Well-sealed, undamaged asbestos is often best left alone. Make sure that all asbestos is sealed and protected against damage. If you cannot seal and protect it and it is likely to give off dust, you may need to have it removed.

If you have work on asbestos you must:
1. carry out assessment of the risks to the health of employees from exposure of asbestos
2. use the working methods and precautions described in the Asbestos Approved Codes of practice, or other equally safe methods.

Information and Training

You should tell workers:
1. the hazards
2. how they could be effected
3. what to do to keep themselves and others safe, i.e. how risks are to be controlled
4. how to use control equipment and personal protective equipment
5. how to check and spot when things are wrong
6. the results of any exposure monitoring or health surveillance
7. about emergency procedures

Record and Review

Except in very simple cases, you should keep record of what you have found out and decided to do.

Write down:
1. which exposures need to be controlled
2. how exposures are to be controlled
3. how you will maintain control

keep an eye on things. Changes in equipment, materials or methods may require you to review your early decisions. In any case you should take another look at your risk atleast every five years.

Bacteria and Viruses

Bacteria and Viruses can:
1. infect the body when they are breathed in, swallowed, or when they penetrate the skin
2. cause allergic reatctions.

Hazards include:
1. Legionnaire’s disease – the bacteria causing this can be found in many recirculation water system such as air-conditioning plant, cooling towers, industrial sprays and showers.
2. water borne infections such as leptospiroses (weil’s disease). This is associated with rates, but can be spread by, e.g. cattle, and may effect , e.g. farmers, water industry workers
3. infections through blood contact – a risk in e.g. hairdressing, tattooing, health care
4. diseases transmitted by living or dead animals e.g. to farmers, pet shop workers
5. diseases from people – a risk, e.g. for health care workers.

Skin Problems

Dermatitis is a rash commonly affecting hands, forearms and legs. It may be caused by contact with chemicals, abrasives, cutting oils, solvents and resins.

Precautions include:
1. reading the labels on containers
2. keeping the workplace clean
3. avoiding skin contact with the substance
4. wearing impermeable gloves – don’t let the substance get inside then
5. keeping skin clean – dry thoroughly after washing and don’t use abrasives or solvents
6. not letting glues or resins harden on the skin and using after care cream
7. getting first air treatment for minor cuts and keeping them covered
8. checking skin regularly. Seek medical advice at once for any rashes.

Electricity

2007-06-29T23:34:00.000-07:00

The three main hazards are contact with the live parts, fire and explosion. Each year about 1000 accidents at work involving shocks and burn are reported and about 30 of these are fatal. Fires started by poor electrical installations cause many other deaths and injuries. Explosions are caused by electrical apparatus or static electricity igniting flammable vapours or dust.
Assess the risks from your use of electricity and use the precautions described in this section to control them. Remember normal main voltage (240 volts AC) can kill. The risks are greater when electricity is used in harsh conditions, e.g. portable electrical equipments used outdoors, or in cramped spaces with a lot of earthed metal work, e.g. inside a boiler or bin.

Reduce the Voltage

1. lighting can run at 12 or 25 volts
2. portable tools can run at 110 volts from any isolating transformer.

Provide a Safety Device

1. a residual current device can act as a safety trip when there is a fault. This is not a substitute for a proper installation

A Safe Installation

1. provide enough socket outlets, if necessary, by using a multi-plug socket block overloading sockets by using adapters can cause fire
2. fuses, circuit-breakers and other devices must be correctly rated for the circuit they protect.
3. there must be a isolator or a switch near each fixed machine to cut off power in case of emergency.
4. the main switches must be readily accessible and clearly identified.

Insulation, Protection and Earthing

1. power cables to machine must be insulated, e.g. sheathed and armoured or installed in conduit. Earth connections must be in a good condition.
2. if you use a flexible cable you must always use a proper plug with a flex firmly clamped to stop the wires ( particularly the earth) pulling out of the terminals.
3. some tools are double insulated for extra protection and these have only two wires (neutral and live). Make sure you connect them properly.
4. replace frayed and damaged cables completely. Join lengths in good condition only by using proper connectors or cable couplers.
5. protect light bulbs or other items which may be easily damaged in use.
6. you must use special protection where electrical equipment is used in flammable or dusty environments. Low voltage equipment (e.g. 12 volts) gives no protection against igniting flammable vapours. To choose the correct equipment you may need a expert advice.
7. when carrying or pouring organic powders (e.g. flour, tea dust) or flammable liquids, use closed metal containers and make sure all metal work is bonded and earthed.
8. for jobs like electrostatic paint spraying, make sure that both the work and anyone in he area are adequately earthed, e.g. by getting the operator and others to wear antistatic foot wear, otherwise electrostatic charges can build up which can cause a spark.

Safe Operation

1. you must not allow anyone to work on or near live equipments, unless it is unavoidable and special precautions are taken. Ask your inspector for advice.
Check that:
2. suspect or faulty equipment is taken out of use, labeled “Do not use” and kept secure until checked by a competent person.
3. tools and power sockets are switched off before plugging in or unplugging.
4. appliances are unplugged before cleaning or making adjustments.

Overhead Electric Lines

1. Contact with overhead electric lines accounts for half of the fatal electrical accidents each year. Electricity can flash over from overhead power lines even though plant and equipment may not touch them. Don’t work under them where any equipment e.g. ladders, a crane jib, a tipper lorry body , a scaffold pole could come within 9 m of a power line without seeking advice.

Maintenance

1. all electrical equipment, wiring installations, generators or battery sets and everything connected to them, must be maintained to prevent danger. This means carrying out checks and inspections and repairing and testing as necessary – how often will depend on the equipment you use and where you use it.
2. you must prevent access to electrical danger by keeping isolator and fuse box covers closed and (if possible) locked, with the key held by responsible person.
3. anyone carrying out electrical work must be competent to do it safely. This may mean bringing in outside contractors; if so make sure they belong to a body which checks their work.
4. check the residual current circuit-breakers work by operating the test button regularly.
5. make sure that special maintenance requirements of waterproof or explosion protected equipment have been written down and that someone is made responsible for carrying out the work without damaging the protection.

Underground Cables

1. consult your electricity company if you are likely to be digging near buried cables – they should know where these are.
2. always assume cables will be present when digging holes in streets, pavement or near buildings. If you have to work near services, use service plans, locators and safe digging practice to avoid danger.

Radiation

2007-06-29T23:31:00.000-07:00

Visible light is just one part of the spectrum of electro magnetic radiation, which ranges from radio waves at one end to ultraviolet light and gamma rays at the other.
Try to reduce exposure to all kinds of radiation as far as possible.

Microwaves and Radio Frequencies

1. leakage of energy from microwave ovens is normally very small. Reduce it by keeping door seals clean and ensuring that the hinges, door latch and safety interlocks all work.
2. reduce exposure to stray radio frequency (RF) energy from heaters, driers and presses by shielding the electrode applicator. Limit exposure time or avoid getting too close to the source.
3. do not touch RF electrodes. Prevent unauthorized access to the high voltage electrical equipment e.g. by interlocking all cubicle doors.

Ionizing Radiations

1. a risk assessment of any activity involving work with ionizing radiations must by made before the work begins
2. employers carrying out certain practices must do so in accordance with a prior authorization granted by local government health and safety officials.
3. contractors carrying out site radiography (e.g. checking welds on pipework or vessels must notify local government health and safety official before work starts.
4. smoke detectors and static elimination often contain sources. Find out rules for safe storage and use from the supplier and never tamper with them.
5. treat luminous articles and self-illuminating devices with similar respect.
6. appoint a radiation protection advisor
7. arrange for medical examinations/reviews and routine dose assessment of employees whom you designate as “classified person”
8. appoint one or more of your employees to supervise radiation work
9. make arrangements to cater for spills of radioactive substances, x-ray exposures failing to terminate etc
10. get authorization for use, storage and safe disposal of radioactive substances
11. arrange for tests where raised levels of radon gas are likely because of workplace location, construction and ventilation and have necessary improvements carried out.

Infrared

1. protective clothing may be needed to reduce warming, burning and irritation of the skin from some “hot bodies” such as pools of molten metal. Eye protection with suitable filters should be worn to avoid discomfort and is essential with some infrared sources, such as certain lasers.

Ultraviolet ( UV )

1. UV sources in equipment should normally be in an enclosure, or screened
2. take care to avoid UV light e.g. by wearing suitable clothing and eye protection
3. during welding use special goggles or a face screen
4. protect passers-by, e.g. with screens
5. when fitting replacement UV lamps, choose the correct type specified by the manufacturer. Filters should be kept in place at all times and replaced after changing bulbs or if they are damaged,
6. insect killing devices with bright UV sources are often found in food premises and are not harmful to the eyes in normal use.

Lasers

1. a laser, a concentrated beam of radiation, which may not always be visible, can be dangerous whether it is viewed directly or after reflection from a smooth surface.
2. even with low-powered lasers it is unwise to view the beam directly. Do not override any inter locks
3. maintenance workers who have to examine inside machines may be most at risk. They need to be trained and follow a work system which may include the use of eye protection.
4. high powered lasers should normally be inside a safety interlocked enclosure – only use them after taking expert advice
5. where lasers are used for display e.g. at discotheques, there could be a risk to the public – seek expert advice

Follow Good Safety Rules

1. get safety information from your supplier or other specialist adviser
2. identify , mark and (where possible) enclose sources of radiation
3. identify and clearly mark all hazard areas
4. maintain equipment to minimize exposure, e.g. by regular checking of interlocks
5. instruct employees about dangers and precautions. Including use of the correct protecting equipment
6. review procedures from time to time

Vibration

2007-06-29T23:30:00.000-07:00

Vibration is often associated with noise, but is difficult to measure. Excessive exposure through the use of hand-held power tools and machinery such as chipping hammers, grinders and chain saws can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) – a painful condition affecting blood circulation, nerves, muscles and bones in the hands and arms. Its best known effect is vibration white finger.
Whole body vibration (WBV) mainly affects drivers of vehicles such as dumpers, tractors and lifts trucks and can cause low back pain and spinal damage.

Reduce Vibration

Think about:

1. asking about vibration levels before deciding which new tool or machinery to buy.
2. identifying hazardous machines, tools and processes which cause tingling or numbness in the hands after few minutes of use.
3. doing the job another way without using high vibration tools
4. providing tools designed to cut down vibration
5. reducing vibration through maintenance – check sharpening of tools, dressing of abrasive wheels, and anti-vibration mounts where fitted
6. whether the job can be altered to reduce the grip or pressure needed.

Reduce the Effect of Vibration

Think about:

1. providing work breaks or work sharing to reduce exposure time.
2. keeping the body and hands warm, e.g. by using gloves, but note that, unlike hearing protection, there are no gloves which provide effective protection from vibration.
3. advising people to exercise their fingers to improve the blood flow.

Noise

2007-06-29T23:27:00.000-07:00

Load noise at work can cause irreversible hearing damage. It accelerates the normal hearing loss which occurs as we grow older. It can cause other problems such as tinnitus (troublesome noises in the ear) , interference with communication, and stress.
Noise is measured in decibels – you will usually see it written as dB(A). the noise level ( the loudness ) is measured on a scale from a silent zero dB(A) to 140 dB(A) is the noisiest situations. In the most jobs, the risk depends not just on the noise levels but how long people are exposed to them. Ther total amount of noise exposure over the whole working day is called the daily personal noise exposure ( usually shortened to Lep,d). If you need to have your noise levels measured you should make sure that the job is done by competent person.

Access the Risk

1. Find out what the noise levels are in your workplace.
2. as a guide the diagram overleaf shows some typical noise levels
3. if you cannot hear clearly what someone is saying when you are 2 m away, the level is likely to be around 85 dB(A) or higher, and if you cannot hear someone clearly when you are about 1m away, the level is likely to be around 90 dB(A) or higher.

At the First Action Level

You must:

1. have the risk assessed by a competent person
2. tell your workers about the risks and precautions
3. make hearing protection freely available to those who want it where levels exceed 85 dB(A)
4. suggest your workers take medical advice if they think their hearing is being affected.

At the Second Action Level

You must:

1. do all you can to reduce exposure other than providing hearing protection, e.g engineering control
2. mark zones where noise reaches the second or peak action levels with recognized signs to restricts entry. People must not enter these zones unless wearing hearing protection.

Hearing Protection

Do not rely too heavily on hearing protectors. In practice they reduce noise exposure less then is often claimed because they:

1. are not fitted/worn correctly
2. are not properly maintained
3. are uncomfortable or convenient to wear.

Reduce Exposure

1. think about reducing the length of exposure by rotating jobs or providing a noise refuge, e.g. at machine control points
2. remember – hearing damage is cumulative. Make sure that young people in particular get into the habit of avoiding noise exposures, before their hearing is permanently damaged; their noise exposure outside adds to any hearing loss from noise at work.

Noise Reduction

Consider:

1. choosing quite machines or processes for new work. Makers must reduce noise by good design and construction and also provide noise data with their equipment if levels are likely to reach or exceed the first action level. If you are buying machinery insist on the information.
2. changing the machine and process for existing plant to produce less noise. Don’t forget that other changes you make might effect noise levels.
3. enclosing noisy machines by providing acoustic enclosures. These have to be specially made of sound insulating materials and correctly installed. If they are not properly designed, noise escaping from holes, feed openings or poorly fitting panels may be higher than the noise was from the untreated machine.
4. putting noisy machines and processes in separate rooms, or fixing ceiling-high partitions
5. fitting silencers to all exhausts and making sure they are kept in place and maintained.
6. whether the manufacturers information on noise level has been checked by actual measurements when the job is in progress.
7. whether better maintenance or a slower running speed would reduce noise levels.

Handling and Trasporting

2007-06-28T03:40:00.001-07:00

Common hazards are the manual movements of the loads and frequent forced or awkward movements of the body, leading, for e.g. to back injuries and severe pains in the hand ,wrist, arm or neck – “repetitive strain injury”
Moving materials mechanically is also hazardous and people can be crushed or struck by material when it falls from a lifting or moving device, or is dislodged from a storage stack.
Every year over 5000 accidents involving transport in the workplace are reported. About 70 of these accidents result in death.
People are knocked over, run over or crushed against fixed parts by powered vehicles ( e.g. LGVs lift trucks and tractors) or by vehicles, plant and trailers which roll away when incorrectly parked. People also fall from vehicles either getting on/off, working at height, or associated with loading/unloading.

Manual Handling

You must:
1. avoid manual handling where there is a risk of injury
2. assess the risk of injury from any hazardous manual handling that cant be avoided.
3. reduce the risk of injury from hazardous manual handling.

When lifting:
1. stop and think – plan the lift. Do you need help? Is the area free of obstruction.
2. place the feet – apart, leading leg forward
3. get a firm grip – keep your arms inside the boundary formed by the legs.
4. don’t jerk
5. move the feet – don’t twist the body
6. keep close to the load
7. put down, then adjust

Repetitive Handling

Risk may arise in jobs which involve:

1. gripping, squeezing, or pressing
2. awkward hand or arm movements, e.g. bent wrist
3. repeated, continuous movements which are fast and unvaried or tied to the speed of the machine.
4. awkward, rigid or tense body positions, e.g. unnatural hand positions, outstretched arms, having to lean sideways.

Risks can be prevented by:

1. reducing the level of force required, e.g. by maintaining equipment and by using tools with well-designed handles
2. reducing repetitive movements, e.g by varying tasks, rotating jobs, using power-driven tools, reducing machine pace and introducing rest and recovery time.
3. getting rid of awkward positions by changing the work station or work.

Safe Lifting by Machine

Consider:

1. what you are lifting
2. its weight
3. its center of gravity
4. how to attach it to the lifting machinery
5. who is in control of the lift
6. the safe limits of the equipment
7. rehearsing lifts if necessary
8. use only certified lifting equipment, marked with its safe working load, which is not overdue for examination
9. keep the annual or six-monthly reports of thorough examination as well as any declaration of conformity or test certificates
10. never use unsuitable equipment, e.g makeshift, damaged, badly worn chains shortened with knots, kinked or twisted wire ropes, frayed or rotted fibre ropes
11. never exceed the safe working load or machinery or accessories like chains, slings and grabs. Remember that he load in the legs of a sling increases as the angle between the legs increases.
12. do not lift a load if you doubt its weight or the adequacy of the equipment
13. make sure the load is properly attached to the lifting equipment. If necessary, securely bind the load to prevent it slipping or falling off.
14. before lifting an unbalanced load, find out its center of gravity. Raise it a few inches off the ground and pause there will be little harm if it drops
15. use packing to prevent sharp edged of the load from damaging slings and do not allow tackle to be damaged by being dropped, dragged from under loads or subjected to sudden loads
16. when using jib craned, make sure any indicators for safe loads are working properly and set correctly for the job and the way the machine is configured
17. outriggers should be used where necessary
18. when using multi-slings make sure the sling angle is taken into account
19. have a responsible slinger or banksman and use a recognized signaling system.

Safe Stacking

Do :

1. stack on a firm, level base. Use a properly constructed rack when needed and secure it to the floor or wall if possible.
2. use the correct container, pallet or rack for the job. Inspect these regularly for damage and reject defective ones.
3. ensure stacks are stable, e.g. “key” stacked packages of a uniform size like a brick wall so that no tier is independent of another; chock pipes and drums to prevent rolling and keep heavy articles near floor level.

Do not:

1. exceed the safe load of racks, shelved or floors
2. allow items to stick out from stacks or bins into gangways
3. climb racks to reach upper shelves – use a ladder or steps
4. lean heavy stacks against walls
5. de-stack by throwing down from the top or pulling out from the bottom

Safe Transport

You must:

1. lay your workplace out so that pedestrians are safe from vehicles
2. train your drivers

Do:

1. separate vehicles and pedestrians where practical
2. mark safe crossings
3. control pedestrians access to loading bays and delivery points
4. ensure drivers can see clearly and pedestrians can be seen and be aware of vehicles. Where necessary consider the use of visibility aids, high visibility clothing, audible alarms, and lighting, both of the workplace and on vehicles
5. make sure visiting drivers follow your rules
6. designate level parking areas and leave vehicles in safe state – apply the handbrake, switch off the engine and remove the keys. Chock the wheels as necessary, e.g when trailers are parked overnight
7. check vehicles daily and have faults rectified promptly
8. supervise vehicle movements – particularly when reversing and near blind corners. Always use recognized signals.
9. load and unload materials safely. E.g. ensure safe access onto vehicles for loading and sheeting. Materials should be safely secured against possible movements.
10. avoid tipping on soft ground or in high winds

Do not:

1. let unauthorized people drive. Keep keys secure when vehicles are not in use.
2. let passengers ride on the vehicle unless it is designed for this.

Pressurised Plant & Systems

2007-06-28T03:39:00.000-07:00

Devastation can occur if a piece of pressurized plan fails and burst violently apart. There will be further risks is the system contains harmful substances such as flammable or toxic material.
Hazard arise with many kinds if pressurized plants and equipment including steam boilers and associated pipework; pressurized hot water boilers and heating systems; air compressors, air receivers and associated pipeworks; autoclaves;chemical reaction vessels; slurry tankers; and high pressure water jetting.

Good Design & Manitenance

1. all plant and sytems must be designed, cnstructed and installed to prevent danger and must have safety devices
2. systems must be properly maintained.
3. any modifications or repairs must not give rise to danger
4. there must be a written scheme for examination of pressure vessels, fittings and pipework, drawn up by a competent person.
5. the examination must be carried out
6. records must be kept

Safe Operation

You must:

1. operate plant within the safe operating limits. Sometimes these are laid down by the manufacturer or supplier. If not, a competent person can advise you.
2. provide adequate instructions this should include the manufacturer’s operating manual.
3. provide instructions on what to do in an emergency.

Pressure Cleaning

1. follow the suppliers advice on high pressure jetting equipment – protective clothing and keeping other people away are important as is electrical safety
2. avoid using compressed air for cleaning – vacuum or low pressure nozzles can be used.
3. horseplay with compressed air is very dangerous

Plant & Equipment Maintenance

2007-06-28T03:38:00.000-07:00

Maintenance is carried out to prevent problems arising and to put faults right. It may be part of a planned programme or may have to be carried out at short notice after a breakdown. It always involves non-routine activities.
Extra care is needed when getting up to and working at heights, or when doing work which requires access to unusual parts of the building.
Hazards can arise when working on machinery, including accidental/premature startup using hand tools and electrical equipment during contact with materials which are normally enclosed in plant and equipment; and entering vessels or confined spaces where there may be toxic materials or a lack of air.

Safe Plant

You may need:

1. isolate electrical and other power supplies. Most maintenance should be carried out with the power off. If the work is near uninsulated overhead electrical conductors, e.g. close to overhead traveling cranes, the power should be cut off first.
2. isolate plan and pipelines containing pressurized fluid, gas, steam or hazardous material. Isolating valves should be locked off.
3. support parts of plant which could fall.
4. allow moving plant to stop.
5. allow components which operate at high temperatures time to cool.
6. place mobile plant in neutral gear, applying the brake and choking the wheels.
7. clean out vessels containing flammable solids, liquids, gases or dusts and check them before hot work is carried out, to prevent explosion.
8. clean and check vessels containing toxic materials before work starts

Hand Tools

You must ensure that hand tools are properly maintained, e.g.

1. hammers – avoid split, broken or loose shafts and worn or chipped heads. Heads should be properly secured to the shafts
2. files – should have proper handle. Never use then as levers
3. chisels – the cutting edge should be sharpened to the correct angle. Do not allow the head to spread to a mushroom shape- grind off the sides regularly
4. screwdrivers – should never be used as chisels, and hammers should never be used on them. Split handles are dangerous.
5. spanners – avoid splayed jaws. Scrap any which shows sign of slipping. Have enough spanners of the right size. Do not improvise by using pipes etc as extension handles.

Gas & Oil Fired Equipment

2007-06-28T01:34:00.000-07:00

There is a danger of fire and explosions from piped gas supplies and of toxic fumes ( carbon monoxide) if appliances are not working properly. Explosions can occur in gas-and oil fired plant such as ovens, stoves and boilers.

Gas Supply

1. if you suspect a leak you must turn off the supply and notify your gas supplier at once it gas continues to escape.
2. if in doubt, evacuate the building and inform the police as well as the gas supplier.
3. do not check for leak with a naked flame.
4. do not turn the gas back on until the leak has been dealt with by a competent.

Appliances

1. use a competent fitter to install or repair your appliances
2. not use any appliances you know or suspect is unsafe.
3. check also that the room has adequate ventilation – air inlets should not be blocked to prevent draughts, and flues and chimneys should not be obstructed
4. get your appliances regularly serviced by a competent person.

Plant

1. fit explosion relief and flame-failure protection as necessary
2. interlock the heat source and the ventilation system if flammable vapours could build up to dangerous levels in the event of a ventilation failure.
3. plant including petrol – driven compressors and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuelled equipment, such as heaters and paint strippers, should be designed and operated to ensure there is enough air to burn the fuel properly.
4. there should be sufficient ventilation to remove combustion products and solvent given off.
5. make sure the operators are fully trained – use a safe procedure for purging, lighting up and shutting down the plant.

Machinery Safety

2007-06-27T03:47:00.000-07:00

All the work which has to be done on the machine in setting up, maintenance, repair, breakdowns and removing blockages, as well as normal use.
By law the supplier must provide the right safeguards, but it is also up to you to check before using any machine and every static machine must be stable (usually fixed down)
Choose the right machine for the job and do not site machines where customers or visitors may go.

Guards

You must :

1. fixed guards enclosing the dangerous parts must be used, if practical and must be fixed in place e.g. with screw or nuts and bolts.
2. think about the best materials to use plastic may to easy to see through but can easily be damaged. Where wire mesh or similar materials are used make sure the hole are not large enough to allow access to moving parts.
3. if you have to go near dangerous parts regularly and fixed guards are not practical, you must use other methods, e.g. interlock the guard so that the machine cannot start before the guar is closed and cannot be opened while the machine is moving.
4. in some cases , e.g. guillotines, trip systems such as photo electric devices, pressure sensitive mats or automatic guards ma be used instead of fixed or interlocked guards if these are not practical.
5. some machines are controlled by programmable electronic systems. Your supplier must tell you about the safety of the system. Changes to routine working or main programmes should be carried out by a competent person. Programming changes should be documented and checked.
6. where guards cannot give full protection use jigs, holders, push sticks etc if practical.

Machine Operations

1. Some workers, for example if they are young, inexperienced or have a disability, may be particularly at risk. They may need extra instructions, training or supervision. Sometimes formal qualifications are needed for example chainsaw operator.
2. You must never allow children to operate or to help at machines.
3. All machine operators must be trained and given protective clothing it necessary.
4. Adequate lighting must be provided for all machines.

Building Work

2007-06-27T03:25:00.000-07:00

Falling from heights is often the worst hazard when building or doing maintenance work existing building.
People may fall from roof edges or through fragile roof materials ; from scaffolds, if guard-rails are not provided; from ladders, usually by over reaching or because the ladder slips; and through holes in covered or fenced.
Other hazards include being struck by falling materials; contact with electricity, exposure to harmful substances such as asbestos, paints, glues or cleaning materials, striking buried electric cables or gas pipes; burial by excavation collapses; and using lift trucks as temporary working platforms

Ladders

You must have:

1. ladders are often used when it would be safer to use other equipment, e.g. mobile tower scaffolds.
2. ladders may be used for short jobs. This can still be dangerous however, and many ladder accidents happen during work lasting 30 minutes or less.
3. longer ladders are harder to handle. They flex more in use and are harder to “foot” effectively. Do not use a ladder longer then 6 m as a workplace unless fixed or tied.
4. when choosing a ladder, you must make sure it is strong enough for the job and check that it is in good condition, e.g. that no rungs are cracked or missing. Do not user makeshift or home-made ladders or carry out makeshift repairs to a damaged ladder.
5. when placing the ladder, rest its foot on a firm level surface. Do not place it on a material or equipment to gain extra height. Ladders must extend at least 1 m above the landing place unless there is a suitable hand hold to provide equivalent support.
6. angle the ladder so that the bottom will not slip outwards – four units up to each one out from the base.
7. rest the top of the ladder against a solid surface. Equipment such as ladder stays can be used to spread the load if the surface is brittle.
8. ladders used for access or as a place of work should be secured or footed to prevent movement.
9. extending ladders need an overlap of at least three rungs.
10. never paint ladders – this may hide defects.

Mobile Tower Scaffolds

When erecting the tower:

1. follow the manufacturers instructions – do not exceed the maximum height allowed for a given base dimension.
2. it must be on firm, level ground - securely fix any wheels to the scaffold.
3. tie the tower rigidly to the structure if it is likely to be exposed to strong winds, used for grit blasting, or water jetting, if heavy materials are lifted up the outside of the tower, or if the base is too small for the height of the tower needed.
4. provide a safe way to get to and from the work platform, e.g. by an internal ladder. It is not safe to climb up the outside.
5. you must provide guard rails and toe boards at platforms from which someone could fall more than 2 meters, or less where there is still risk of injury.
6. you must not overload the working platform. Do not apply pressure which could overturn the tower e.g. by working off a ladder placed on top of the working platform. Lock any wheels and extend outriggers.

When moving the scaffold:
1. check that there are no power lines in the way or obstructions, holes etc in the ground.
2. do not allow people or materials to remain on the tower
3. beware of towers “running away with you” when being moved down or across slopes.

General Access Scaffolds

When providing a scaffold you must make sure:

1. it is erected, altered or dismantled under supervision by competent person.
2. it is based on a firm, level foundation, with vertical supports normally not more than 2 to 2.5 meters apart.
3. it is properly tied, normally at least every 4 meters vertically and 6 meters horizontally, and braced.
4. platforms more than 2 meters from the ground have guard rails and toe boards. Brick guards or similar will often be needed to provide extra protection to prevent material falling.
5. platforms are wide enough to the work to be done there and they are fully boarded.
6. boards are properly supported and do not overhang excessively.
7. there is safe ladder access onto the scaffold and between each level or lift.
8. the scaffold is inspected at least once a week, or whenever it is substantially altered or after very bad weather.
9. the person doing the inspection fully understands scaffold safety and records the results.

If you are going to work on a scaffold someone has provided for you, don’t start work without checking the above points.

Roof Work

When working on a roof you must:

1. have safe access onto and off the roof e.g. by a general access scaffold.
2. have safe means of moving across the roof. On sloping and fragile roofs you will need purpose-made roof ladders or crawling boards. Do not use home made ladders or boards as these have caused many accidents. cover openings or roof lights, or provide barriers.
3. use edge protection at the open edge of a roof to stop people and materials falling off it.
4. not throw scaffold materials, old slates, tiles etc from the roof or scaffold where this could cause injury. Use enclosed debris slide or lower the debris in skips or baskets.

Ground Work

1. trench sides can collapse suddenly whatever the nature of the soil. Any excavation deeper than 1.2 meters must have the sides sloped or supported.
2. dig well away from underground services such as electricity cables, gas pipes etc. if you have to work near services, use service plans, locators and safe digging practice to avoid danger.

Work Place : The Environment

2007-06-25T02:27:00.000-07:00

There can be many dangers at work. Safety hazards include slips, trips and falls, and fire. Health hazards include poor seating, lighting and ventilation.

Assess your own working environment by using the guidlines in this section. Dont forget any people with disabilities who may need things like special toilet and washing facilities, wide door ways and gangways.

A safe place of work

You must have:

1. buildings in good repair
2. precautions where people or materials might fall from open edges, e.g. fencing or gaurd-rails.
3. floor openings, e.g. vehicle examination pits, fenced or covered when not in use.
4. space for safe movement and access.
5. floors, corridors and stairs etc free of obstructions, e.g. trailing cables.
6. good drainage in wet processes.
7. windows that can be opened and cleaned safely. they should be designed to stop people falling out or bumping into them when open. You may need to fit anchor points if window cleaners have to use harness.
8. weather protection for outdoor workplaces, if practical.
9. outdoor routes keep safe during icy conditions, e.g. salted/sanded and swept.

Lighting

You must provide:

1. good light - use natural light where possible but try to avoid glare.
2. a good level of local lighting at workstations where necessary.
3. suitable forms of lighting. Some fluorescent tubes flicker and can be dangerous with some rotating machinary (because the rotating part may appear to have stopped).
4. special fittings for flammable or explosive atmospheres e.g. from paint spraying.
5. light coloured walls to improve brightness, but darker colours to reduce arc-welding flash.

Moving around the premises

You must have:

1. safe passage for pedestrians and vehicles – you may need separate routes.
2. level, even surface without holes or broken boards
3. hand-rails on stairs and ramps where necessary
4. safe doors, e.g. vision panels in swing doors, sensitive edges on power doors
5. surface which are not slippery
6. well-lit outside areas – this will help security

Designing Workstations

Make sure that:

1. Workstations and seating must fit the worker and the work.
2. back rests support the small of the back and you must provide foot rests if necessary.
3. work surfaces are at a sensible height
4. there is easy access to controls on equipment
5. well-designed tools to reduce hand or forehand injury from repeated awkward movements

Cleanliness

You must:

1. provide clean floors and stairs, which are drained and not slippery
2. provide clean premises, furnitures and fittings
3. provide containers for waste materials
4. remove dirt, refuse and trade waste regularly
5. clean up spillages promptly
6. keep internal walls or ceilings clean. They may need painting to help easy cleaning.

Hygiene and Welfare

You must provide:

1. clean, well-ventilated toilets (separate for men and women unless each convenience has its own lockable door.
2. wash basins with hot and cold ( or warm) running water
3. showers for dirty work or emergencies
4. soap cleansers, with nail brushes where necessary
5. barrier cream and skin conditioning cream where necessary
6. special hygiene precautions where necessary e.g. where food is handled or prepared
7. drying facility for wet clothes.
8. certain facilities for workers working away from base.
9. lockers or hanging space for clothing
10. changing facility where special clothing is worn
11. a clean drinking water supply (marked if necessary to distinguish it from non-drinkable supply)
12. rest facility including facilities for eating food which would otherwise become contaminated.
13. arrangements to protect non-smokers from discomfort cause by tobacco smoke in any separate rest areas e.g. provide separate areas or rooms for smokers and non-smokers or prohibit smoking in rest areas and rest rooms.
14. rest facilities for pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Display Screen Equipment

For Habitual Users must :

1. assess display screen workstations and reduce risk
2. plan so there are breaks or changes of activity
3. train and inform display screen users about health and safety aspects of their work.
4. provide eye test for users on request and at regular intervals afterwards and special spectacles where required.

Fire Precautions

You must :

1. provide enough exits for everyone to get out easily
2. provide fire doors and escape routes which are clearly marked and unobstructed
3. provide fire escape doors which can be opened easily from the inside whenever any one is on the premises – don’t forget “out of hours” working
4. never wedge open fire doors – they are there to stop smoke and flames spreading
5. if a wall is meant to be “fire resisting” ,stop up any holes (e.g. around pipe work) and make sure the wall continues above the false ceiling.
6. if you have a fire alarm , check regularly that it is working. Can it be heard everywhere over normal background noise.
7. provide enough fire extinguishers of the right type ( and properly serviced) to deal promptly with small out breaks.
8. everyone should know what to do in case of fire. Display clear instructions and have a fire drill periodically.
9. do people know how to raise the alarm and use the extinguishers?
10. call the fire brigade to any suspected out break of fire.
11. you may need a fire certificate for the building this will depend on the kind of business you run and the number of people employed in your building.
12. if your do not need a fire certificate you will need to carry out a fire risk assessment.

Comfortable Conditions

You must provide:

1. a reasonable working temperature in workrooms – usually at least 16 degree centigrade, or 13 degree centigrade for strenuous work
2. local heating or cooling where a comfortable temperature cannot be maintained throughout each work room (e.g. hot and cold processes)
3. thermal clothing and rest facilities where necessary , e.g. for “hot work” or cold stores.
4. good ventilation – avoid draughts
5. heating systems which do not give off dangerous or offensive levels of fumes into the work place.
6. sufficient space in work rooms.
7. remember noise can be nuisance as well as damaging to health.